Simple adoption creates a new kinship bond between the adopter and the adoptee but however doesn’t remove the kinship ties which exist between the adoptee and his biological family.

Adoption creates a genuine parent-child relationship between the adopter and the adoptee. However, this relationship will only exist if the adopter expressly asks for it and if it is made official by an order from the regional court.

The commune must, within 2 years from the transfer becoming effective, retrocede the commercial or crafts business, commercial lease or land to a company listed on the Trade and Companies Register for it to be used in such a way as to preserve the diversity of the commercial or crafts activities in the zone concerned.

The principle of freedom of trade and industry is designed to prevent public entities competing with private persons or entities.

In order to have the boundaries of a protective zone for local businesses and crafts validly adopted, a mayor must submit a municipal council draft motion to the Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Chamber of Trades and Crafts in the jurisdiction of which the commune is situated.­

Economic aid and public property: French and EU legal obligations to ensure free competition and transparency.

In contras­t with rights of pre-emption designed to protect local businesses, the exercising of pre-emption right for commercial building cannot be exercised by any commune.­